![]() Attenuation Any process in which the intensity of radiation decreases due to scattering or absorption. Evidence suggests that the AMO has been active for at least the last 1,000 years. The SST difference between these warm and cool phases is about 0.5☌ and the period of the oscillation is roughly 20-40 years (the period is variable, but is a few decades long). Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) A natural oscillation of the North Atlantic SST between warm and cool phases. For example, El Niño is identified by sea surface temperature anomalies. Anomaly The deviation of a quantity over a specified period from the normal value for the same region. Aggregation The clumping together of ice crystals after they collide. The wave may reach maximum amplitude in the lower middle troposphere. African easterly wave A trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade-wind easterlies. Absorption band A portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where radiation is absorbed and emitted by atmospheric gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone. Absorption The process by which incident radiant energy is retained by a material due to the material's physical composition. Absorber Anything that retains incident electromagnetic radiation due its physical composition. Climate, 23, 1477-1494.Ī Absolute angular momentum For the atmosphere, the absolute angular momentum, per unit mass of air, is the sum of the angular momentum relative to the earth and the angular momentum due to the rotation of the earth. Vizy, 2010: Hydrodynamics of the Caribbean low-level jet and its relationship to precipitation. As noted in Chapter 1, because of its larger heat capacity, the oceans are vital to storage and release of heat and transportation of heat from the tropics to the poles ( Section 1.4.2 Section 1.4.2).ġ25. Smaller scale ocean waves and vortices, collectively referred to as "eddies" are critical to regional ocean circulations. 3.22a) is the resultant mean ocean transport of surface and deep ocean waters. For example, in the north Atlantic, water sinks as the Gulf Stream cools and freezing increases the salinity of the upper ocean. Cold water is denser than warm water and salty water is denser than fresh water so colder or saltier water tends to sink relative to warmer or fresher water. 1.10b) as temperature and salinity gradients lead to density variations and vertical circulations known as the thermohaline circulations. Ocean circulations are also driven by differences in temperature and salinity ( Fig. As surface water is removed, it is replaced with deep water, a process called upwelling (Fig. The mean surface current is about 45 degrees to the right of the wind in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left of the wind in the Southern Hemisphere because like the air, the water is affected by Coriolis deflection. The surface stress decreases with depth leading to decreasing current speed and a spiraling of the water current vector (the Ekman spiral) 23 shown in Fig. The direction of the currents is not an exact match of the wind. (a) Schematic of Ekman spiral for deep water in the Northern Hemisphere and (b) surface winds and stress and surface current motion along an eastern coastal boundary in the Southern Hemisphere. 3F1.3 Projection of Future Asian Summer Monsoon Changesįig.3F1.2 Climate Change and the Thermohaline Circulation.Focus 1: Modeling the Global Circulation.3.7 The Role of the Tropics in the General Circulation.3.6 Tropical Circulation and Precipitation Distribution.3.5.5.4 Interannual Variability of the West African Monsoon.3.5.5.3 Indian Ocean Dipole or Zonal Mode.3.5.5.2 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).3.5.5.1 Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO) of the Asian Monsoon.3.5.4.1 The Australian-Maritime Continent Monsoon.3.5.3 Evolution of the Asian Monsoon System.3.5.2 A Conceptual Model of Monsoon Evolution.3.3.1 Global Upper and Deep Ocean Circulation.3.2.4.2 Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO).3.2.3 Comparing the Tropics and Midlatitudes. ![]() 3.2.2 A Road Map to the Tropics and Subtropics.Box 3-2 Axisymmetric Hadley Cell: Theories and Assumptions.3.2.1 Historical Evolution of Global Circulation Conceptual Models.3.2 General Circulation of the Atmosphere.3.1.3 Large-scale Structures in the Atmosphere.3.1.2 Useful Simplifications for Large-scale Vertical Structure.3.1.1 Useful Simplifications of Force Balances Important to Large-scale Motions.3.1 General Principles of Atmospheric Motion. ![]()
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